ph.

1. We had to start again from scratch.
我们必须再从头开始。

1. 从头开始：from A to Z 从头到尾 | from scratch 从头开始 | from the look of sb 从某人的外表看来

2. 从头开始,白手起家：make sense 讲得通,有意义;合情合理的 | from scratch 从头开始,白手起家 | caricature v. 将......画成漫画,用漫画表现(某特征),讽刺

3. 从零开始,从无到有,白手起家：slot noun 为某人/某事物安排的位置或时间 | from scratch 从零开始,从无到有,白手起家 | jump at phrasal verb 欣然接受

adv

1. from the beginning, especially without relying on resources or other advantages

e.g. he baked the torte from scratch
she built her business up from scratch