In the *Analects of Confucius* (Book of Gong Yan Chang), Confucius evaluated Lord Ningwu: 'When the state is well-governed, he is wise; when the state is poorly governed, he is foolish. His wisdom may be attained, but his foolishness is beyond reach.' This means that in times of political clarity, he appears wise, and in times of obscurity, he appears foolish; others might match his wisdom, but not his profound simplicity.
In Book Yan Yuan, Yan Huan asked Confucius about the meaning of *Ren* (benevolence/benevolence). Confucius replied: 'Subduing oneself and returning to the rites constitutes *Ren*. If for even one day one subdues oneself and returns to the rites, then all the world will acknowledge *Ren*. Practicing *Ren* depends on oneself; what has to do with others?' Yan Huan requested specific guidelines. Confucius answered: 'Do not look at what is improper, do not listen to what is improper, do not speak what is improper, do not do what is improper.' Yan Huan expressed that although he was not particularly quick-witted, he would endeavor to practice these teachings.
Confucius also emphasized the importance of determination, stating that the aspirations of an ordinary person cannot be easily stripped away. He used pine and cypress trees as metaphors for moral resilience: 'Only when winter comes do we know that pines and cypresses are the last to shed their leaves.' This symbolizes that gentlemen maintain their integrity and character even in adversity.
Regarding learning, Confucius offered the famous maxim: 'When walking with three others, there is always one who can be my teacher. I choose those who are good and follow them, and those who are not good, I use as a mirror to correct myself.' Furthermore, he valued the attitude toward learning: 'Those who know how to learn are not as good as those who love learning; those who love learning are not as good as those who find joy in learning.' He stressed the importance of etiquette: 'Without learning rites, one cannot establish oneself.' He also commented on overthinking: While Jiwenzi thought three times before acting, Confucius noted that 'thinking twice is enough,' suggesting that excessive deliberation can hinder action.
In dealing with others, Confucius advocated: 'Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire.' He warned: 'Flattery and a pleasant countenance are rarely accompanied by true *Ren*.' Regarding his student Zi Lu, Confucius once lamented: 'Rotting wood cannot be carved; a wall of manure cannot be plastered. What can I do with him? This reflects Confucius's disappointment at his disciple's lack of progress. Confucius also encouraged humility in learning: 'Be quick-witted and eager to learn, and do not be ashamed to seek advice from those of lower status.'
On wealth and morality, Confucius stated: 'Wealth and rank obtained through unrighteous means are to me like passing clouds.' He contrasted the mindsets of the noble and the petty: 'The noble gentleman is broad-minded and at peace, while the petty man is constantly worried and anxious.' Finally, he outlined a principle for interpersonal interaction: 'Those with different paths and aspirations should not plot together.'
